| NiCAD
AND NiMH AA CELLS |
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NiCAD
& NiMH batteries are often less reliable with unexpected loss
of capacity, especially IF NOT properly maintained.
Nickel-Cadmium
(NiCAD or NiCD) batteries need charging just before use, and
mostly run down before storage (avoiding fast self-discharge/memory
effects).
This
is a serious handicap because of additional deck time running
down NiCAD cells before being stored.
NiCAD
batteries used in this manner can last 300 to over 600 FULL
discharge/charge cycles.
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In
contrast, Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) batteries (were
supplied with Sony TCD-D100 & M1 decks), while not needing
discharging before storing (have little or no memory effect),
may need running down to at least 50% before recharging to avoid
the potential for overcharging damage by poorly designed chargers.
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NOTE:
Most of the newer chargers are designed to avoid NiCAD
cell memory and overcharging automatically, but most
of these still don't JUST run down NiCAD (as is not needed with
memory-free NiMH) for storage or before recharging again.
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Be
most careful with NiMH battery types as they are much more
easily damaged by an overcharge than NiCad types. Good
practice is mostly run NiMH batteries down (at least 50%) before
another charge cycle; even though the charger is designed
to protect against this type of damage. Avoid using 'overnight
type chargers' even if having a timer as it's very easy to forget
when to remove cells, and a brief power outage may initiate
another damaging charge cycle.
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Although
it seems a good idea to remove the cells shortly after the 'Fast-Charge'
Ready Light indicates charge completion, this is not really
necessary as cell(s) can be damaged if (and only if) the
charger power is turned Off & On, initiating another
FAST charge cycle, or the charger-to-cell contact is momentarily
disrupted (by playing with the cells while in the charger) to
cause another FAST charge cycle to start up.
In
other words, an immediate fast charge startup on already
charged cells will be specially BAD for the newer NiMH types
as they (unlike NiCAD) have far less ability to resist damage
from being overcharged BUT, are not going to be the least damaged
by leaving on a "fast charger" (after FAST charge light is off)
for a few more hours.
HOWEVER,
and this is the tricky part to remember, NiMH type cells
are NOT FULLY CHARGED as yet when the FAST charger light goes
off!!! It takes another 2-5 hours of TRICKLE CHARGING
to bring the cells to 100% fully charged capacity! Leaving
the charger input power and cell contact undisturbed for an
additional trickle charge period is very important to get full
service from most NiCD and all NiMH batteries when using FAST
(1-2 hour) and newest extremely fast 15-30 minute type chargers.
EVEN
WHEN leaving the cells and power undisturbed ALL NIGHT LONG
(trickle) charging is not likely to damage cells on well designed
FAST chargers! BUT, and this part is important,
IF your MAINS power goes out and THEN BACK ON AGAIN during the
night, ZAP & Burn goes your NiMH cell capacity (possibly)
with poorly designed chargers.
Perhaps
plugging the battery charger into a computer UPS AC protected
socket, where power is never interrupted long enough to
start up a damaging charge cycle, is the best suggestion for
having no concern about risking overcharging damage.
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SONY
DAT : LATER MODEL
Sony TCD-D100 and PCM-M1 decks CANNOT be satisfactorily
run ON OTHER THAN (2) AA size NiMH cells or Non-rechargeable
ENERGIZER brand L91* photo lithium cells (*L91s exhaust
giving little or no 'low battery' warning so go by minimum
expected running hours for your deck model)
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RECHARGEABLE
BATTERY SETS: Buy several backup battery sets and NUMBER
each cell so
that you can keep track of sets you've used (that need charging)
and ones (that should be fully charged) ready to be used.
Standby
cell charge retention (storage) life is variable (4-14
days) before expected working capacity is noticeably
reduced; this is ambient storage temperature and cell
manufacturer dependent; NiMH self-discharge seems a
bit quicker than most NiCD
The
GOOD NEWS is that NiMH cells can be stored in any (charged
or discharged) state without affecting cell capacity.
NiCD cells should always be stored nearly fully
discharge to avoid memory effects typical of this type
of cell chemistry.
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CAPACITY:
Maximum available capacity for AA NiMH
cell is now at ~2700 milliamperes (MA) capacity; Sony DAT
and new Edirol/Roland R-09
flash deck run times is 6-8 hours using these premium capacity
cells
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CHOOSING
A FAST CHARGER: Important feature
consideration with choosing a fast charger.
There are many fast chargers available these days,
BUT SOME ONLY looking at PAIRS of AA cells. These chargers
have ONE LED indicator for each 2-pair of cells.
This
assumes each cell in the pair is IDENTICAL in state
of discharge, and charge characteristics. Usually cells
purchased in 'sets' of 2 or 4 cells are very nearly identical
and should have been produced at the same time from the
same production run, so using such cells in 'matched sets'
and charging in chargers that can only 'see pairs' of
cells is not a big issue.
However,
if ever you're matched sets get mixed with other cells,
or one cell in a set ages differently from its mate,
the charger will overcharge one cell, and under charge
the other greatly shortening the reliability and life
of the cells.
This
results in having cells that fall short of giving expected
recording time. Usually when this occurs, ALL the
cells used in mismatched sets need be tossed for new sets,
or keep used for less critical applications where running
short of expected capacity is not an issue.
Suggest
best type of charger looks at EACH CELL, not just pairs
of cells. This type of charger will have a status
light for EACH CELL placed into the charger and will charge
correctly any combination of cells from a single cell
to a full 4 or more cells placed into the charger with
NEEDED precision regardless of cell's history and state
of charge.
Individual
cell monitoring type of charger costs a little more, but
insures fullest cell capacity and charge cycle life, and
is worth paying twice the cost if necessary for having
this ability.
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Sealed
Lead/Acid are reliable, easily maintained, but heavy, & best for
50% duty |
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Sealed
Lead/Acid (prismatic types) were used in few very early short running-time
DAT decks.
Not
recently found in any portable, but merits of good reliability,
low cost, >15 ampere capacity, and connect-up-and-forget-chargers
gives good reason to consider L/A when high carry weight is not
a show stopping issue.
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L/A
batteries have no memory effect, like to be stored fully charged,
and routinely run only 50% down.
This
means that a L/A battery that might actually, if pushed, run a
recorder for 10 hours before 95% exhaustion, should be recharged
after only 5-6 hours of use, allowing a maximum of 1000 service
cycles; routine heavy duty discharge of 60-100% will shorten life
to 200-400 cycles.
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Battery
life is defined when 80% battery capacity remains.
Sealed
Lead/Acid Battery if rarely run down over 50% and kept stored
with full charge using a good 2 or 3 stage charger (best when
always connected) should last 5-10 years!
Used
and maintained as recommended, the sealed Lead/Acid batteries
are ready at full 100% capacity the next day or year!
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Lithium
Ion rechargeables have high power capacity to weight ratio |
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Some
early to recent miniDISC decks use a single 'gum stick' prismatic
Lithium Ion battery. These are (1) cell 3.2 to 4.2 volt batteries
giving MD decks long running powering. Some recent compact Flash
Recorders also use this same 1 Lithium cell approach for small battery
size advantage, but modest run times on current flash decks with
internal lithium cell are barely acceptable.
While
past miniDISC decks mostly allowed user battery replacement,
lately most MD decks, and all the Flash decks have 'NOT user replaceable'
lithium cell feature. These battery types degrade to less than
80% capacity in 1-5 years depending on use and storage conditions.
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Suggestion:
For longest service life, store all lithium battery packs and
decks with internal lithium batteries with battery at <50% remaining
capacity. Recent article states that capacity loss in storage is
greatly reduced with NOT storing these at full or near full charge.
Yearly
loss of storage capacity with always fully charge cells is
as much as 30-40% per year of storage. Batteries stored at <40%
charge loose much less capacity (<4-8% per year) while stored.
So
best case for Lithium Ion battery is being used down to 30-40%
remaining capacity, and stored in this condition until needed,
and then fully recharged just before using. Used in this manner,
cell life to 80% capacity may extend to as much as 5 years.
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| NON-RECHARGEABLE
(DISPOSABLE, PRIMARY) BATTERIES |
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Alkaline,
OXY-Nickel, & Lithium Primary Batteries |
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Super
reliable AA disposable cells are small, low weight &
very powerful. |
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Standard
alkaline primary cells are not (fully) rechargeable,
are very low cost, most reliable, and have nearly twice the
capacity of most secondary cells. |
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L91
type photo-lithium have exceptional ability to maintain
cell voltage and power capacity in extreme -40 to +160F temperatures;
very light weight, +10 years storage life. |
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New
OXY-Nickel AA primary cells are
improved over standard alkaline with excellent ability to maintain
cell voltage for increased power delivery |
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Many
compact flash decks offer easy 2-8+ hours
powering using sets of 2-8 AA cells
(either alkaline primary or NiMH rechargeable secondary types).
However, ONLY the flash decks using just 2 AA cells are most practical
for getting adequate 4-10+ hours running times; depending on type
of AA cell used. Medium size flash decks using 8 AA cells for
just 2 hours running time are NOT very economical or practical,
and often require use of external long running battery solution.
For
most reliable, and easy to use external battery solution, consider
an external battery
pack of Alkaline C or D
primary cells for 15-60+ hours run time ability,
making practical worldwide remote projects where long running
time, small size/light weight, and maximum reliability are most
important requirements.
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